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# fasthttp
Fast HTTP implementation for Go.

Currently fasthttp is successfully used by [VertaMedia](https://vertamedia.com/)
in a production serving up to 200K rps from more than 1.5M concurrent keep-alive
connections per physical server.

[TechEmpower Benchmark round 12 results](https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=data-r12&hw=peak&test=plaintext)

[Server Benchmarks](#http-server-performance-comparison-with-nethttp)

[Client Benchmarks](#http-client-comparison-with-nethttp)

[Install](#install)

[Documentation](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp)

[Examples from docs](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#pkg-examples)

[Code examples](examples)

[Switching from net/http to fasthttp](#switching-from-nethttp-to-fasthttp)

[Fasthttp best practices](#fasthttp-best-practices)

[Tricks with byte buffers](#tricks-with-byte-buffers)

[Related projects](#related-projects)

[FAQ](#faq)

# HTTP server performance comparison with [net/http](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/)

In short, fasthttp server is up to 10 times faster than net/http.
Below are benchmark results.

*GOMAXPROCS=1*

net/http server:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=1 go test -bench=NetHTTPServerGet -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet1ReqPerConn                	 1000000	     12052 ns/op	    2297 B/op	      29 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet2ReqPerConn                	 1000000	     12278 ns/op	    2327 B/op	      24 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet10ReqPerConn               	 2000000	      8903 ns/op	    2112 B/op	      19 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet10KReqPerConn              	 2000000	      8451 ns/op	    2058 B/op	      18 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet1ReqPerConn10KClients      	  500000	     26733 ns/op	    3229 B/op	      29 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet2ReqPerConn10KClients      	 1000000	     23351 ns/op	    3211 B/op	      24 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet10ReqPerConn10KClients     	 1000000	     13390 ns/op	    2483 B/op	      19 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet100ReqPerConn10KClients    	 1000000	     13484 ns/op	    2171 B/op	      18 allocs/op
```

fasthttp server:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=1 go test -bench=kServerGet -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkServerGet1ReqPerConn                       	10000000	      1559 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet2ReqPerConn                       	10000000	      1248 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet10ReqPerConn                      	20000000	       797 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet10KReqPerConn                     	20000000	       716 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet1ReqPerConn10KClients             	10000000	      1974 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet2ReqPerConn10KClients             	10000000	      1352 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet10ReqPerConn10KClients            	20000000	       789 ns/op	       2 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet100ReqPerConn10KClients           	20000000	       604 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
```

*GOMAXPROCS=4*

net/http server:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=4 go test -bench=NetHTTPServerGet -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet1ReqPerConn-4                  	 3000000	      4529 ns/op	    2389 B/op	      29 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet2ReqPerConn-4                  	 5000000	      3896 ns/op	    2418 B/op	      24 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet10ReqPerConn-4                 	 5000000	      3145 ns/op	    2160 B/op	      19 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet10KReqPerConn-4                	 5000000	      3054 ns/op	    2065 B/op	      18 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet1ReqPerConn10KClients-4        	 1000000	     10321 ns/op	    3710 B/op	      30 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet2ReqPerConn10KClients-4        	 2000000	      7556 ns/op	    3296 B/op	      24 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet10ReqPerConn10KClients-4       	 5000000	      3905 ns/op	    2349 B/op	      19 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet100ReqPerConn10KClients-4      	 5000000	      3435 ns/op	    2130 B/op	      18 allocs/op
```

fasthttp server:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=4 go test -bench=kServerGet -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkServerGet1ReqPerConn-4                         	10000000	      1141 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet2ReqPerConn-4                         	20000000	       707 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet10ReqPerConn-4                        	30000000	       341 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet10KReqPerConn-4                       	50000000	       310 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet1ReqPerConn10KClients-4               	10000000	      1119 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet2ReqPerConn10KClients-4               	20000000	       644 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet10ReqPerConn10KClients-4              	30000000	       346 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet100ReqPerConn10KClients-4             	50000000	       282 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
```

# HTTP client comparison with net/http

In short, fasthttp client is up to 10 times faster than net/http.
Below are benchmark results.

*GOMAXPROCS=1*

net/http client:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=1 go test -bench='HTTPClient(Do|GetEndToEnd)' -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientDoFastServer                  	 1000000	     12567 ns/op	    2616 B/op	      35 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd1TCP               	  200000	     67030 ns/op	    5028 B/op	      56 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd10TCP              	  300000	     51098 ns/op	    5031 B/op	      56 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd100TCP             	  300000	     45096 ns/op	    5026 B/op	      55 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd1Inmemory          	  500000	     24779 ns/op	    5035 B/op	      57 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd10Inmemory         	 1000000	     26425 ns/op	    5035 B/op	      57 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd100Inmemory        	  500000	     28515 ns/op	    5045 B/op	      57 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd1000Inmemory       	  500000	     39511 ns/op	    5096 B/op	      56 allocs/op
```

fasthttp client:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=1 go test -bench='kClient(Do|GetEndToEnd)' -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkClientDoFastServer                         	20000000	       865 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd1TCP                      	 1000000	     18711 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd10TCP                     	 1000000	     14664 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd100TCP                    	 1000000	     14043 ns/op	       1 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd1Inmemory                 	 5000000	      3965 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd10Inmemory                	 3000000	      4060 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd100Inmemory               	 5000000	      3396 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd1000Inmemory              	 5000000	      3306 ns/op	       2 B/op	       0 allocs/op
```

*GOMAXPROCS=4*

net/http client:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=4 go test -bench='HTTPClient(Do|GetEndToEnd)' -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientDoFastServer-4                    	 2000000	      8774 ns/op	    2619 B/op	      35 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd1TCP-4                 	  500000	     22951 ns/op	    5047 B/op	      56 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd10TCP-4                	 1000000	     19182 ns/op	    5037 B/op	      55 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd100TCP-4               	 1000000	     16535 ns/op	    5031 B/op	      55 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd1Inmemory-4            	 1000000	     14495 ns/op	    5038 B/op	      56 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd10Inmemory-4           	 1000000	     10237 ns/op	    5034 B/op	      56 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd100Inmemory-4          	 1000000	     10125 ns/op	    5045 B/op	      56 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd1000Inmemory-4         	 1000000	     11132 ns/op	    5136 B/op	      56 allocs/op
```

fasthttp client:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=4 go test -bench='kClient(Do|GetEndToEnd)' -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkClientDoFastServer-4                           	50000000	       397 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd1TCP-4                        	 2000000	      7388 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd10TCP-4                       	 2000000	      6689 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd100TCP-4                      	 3000000	      4927 ns/op	       1 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd1Inmemory-4                   	10000000	      1604 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd10Inmemory-4                  	10000000	      1458 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd100Inmemory-4                 	10000000	      1329 ns/op	       0 B/op	       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd1000Inmemory-4                	10000000	      1316 ns/op	       5 B/op	       0 allocs/op
```


# Install

```
go get -u github.com/valyala/fasthttp
```


# Switching from net/http to fasthttp

Unfortunately, fasthttp doesn't provide API identical to net/http.
See the [FAQ](#faq) for details.
There is [net/http -> fasthttp handler converter](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp/fasthttpadaptor),
but it is better to write fasthttp request handlers by hand in order to use 
all of the fasthttp advantages (especially high performance :) ).

Important points:

* Fasthttp works with [RequestHandler functions](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler)
instead of objects implementing [Handler interface](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#Handler).
Fortunately, it is easy to pass bound struct methods to fasthttp:

  ```go
  type MyHandler struct {
  	foobar string
  }

  // request handler in net/http style, i.e. method bound to MyHandler struct.
  func (h *MyHandler) HandleFastHTTP(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
  	// notice that we may access MyHandler properties here - see h.foobar.
  	fmt.Fprintf(ctx, "Hello, world! Requested path is %q. Foobar is %q",
  		ctx.Path(), h.foobar)
  }

  // request handler in fasthttp style, i.e. just plain function.
  func fastHTTPHandler(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
  	fmt.Fprintf(ctx, "Hi there! RequestURI is %q", ctx.RequestURI())
  }

  // pass bound struct method to fasthttp
  myHandler := &MyHandler{
  	foobar: "foobar",
  }
  fasthttp.ListenAndServe(":8080", myHandler.HandleFastHTTP)

  // pass plain function to fasthttp
  fasthttp.ListenAndServe(":8081", fastHTTPHandler)
  ```

* The [RequestHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler)
accepts only one argument - [RequestCtx](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx).
It contains all the functionality required for http request processing
and response writing. Below is an example of a simple request handler conversion
from net/http to fasthttp.

  ```go
  // net/http request handler
  requestHandler := func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
  	switch r.URL.Path {
  	case "/foo":
  		fooHandler(w, r)
  	case "/bar":
  		barHandler(w, r)
  	default:
  		http.Error(w, "Unsupported path", http.StatusNotFound)
  	}
  }
  ```

  ```go
  // the corresponding fasthttp request handler
  requestHandler := func(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
  	switch string(ctx.Path()) {
  	case "/foo":
  		fooHandler(ctx)
  	case "/bar":
  		barHandler(ctx)
  	default:
  		ctx.Error("Unsupported path", fasthttp.StatusNotFound)
  	}
  }
  ```

* Fasthttp allows setting response headers and writing response body
in an arbitrary order. There is no 'headers first, then body' restriction
like in net/http. The following code is valid for fasthttp:

  ```go
  requestHandler := func(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
  	// set some headers and status code first
  	ctx.SetContentType("foo/bar")
  	ctx.SetStatusCode(fasthttp.StatusOK)

  	// then write the first part of body
  	fmt.Fprintf(ctx, "this is the first part of body\n")

  	// then set more headers
  	ctx.Response.Header.Set("Foo-Bar", "baz")

  	// then write more body
  	fmt.Fprintf(ctx, "this is the second part of body\n")

  	// then override already written body
  	ctx.SetBody([]byte("this is completely new body contents"))

  	// then update status code
  	ctx.SetStatusCode(fasthttp.StatusNotFound)

  	// basically, anything may be updated many times before
  	// returning from RequestHandler.
  	//
  	// Unlike net/http fasthttp doesn't put response to the wire until
  	// returning from RequestHandler.
  }
  ```

* Fasthttp doesn't provide [ServeMux](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#ServeMux),
but there are more powerful third-party routers and web frameworks
with fasthttp support:

  * [Iris](https://github.com/kataras/iris)
  * [fasthttp-routing](https://github.com/qiangxue/fasthttp-routing)
  * [fasthttprouter](https://github.com/buaazp/fasthttprouter)
  * [lu](https://github.com/vincentLiuxiang/lu)

  Net/http code with simple ServeMux is trivially converted to fasthttp code:

  ```go
  // net/http code

  m := &http.ServeMux{}
  m.HandleFunc("/foo", fooHandlerFunc)
  m.HandleFunc("/bar", barHandlerFunc)
  m.Handle("/baz", bazHandler)

  http.ListenAndServe(":80", m)
  ```

  ```go
  // the corresponding fasthttp code
  m := func(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
  	switch string(ctx.Path()) {
  	case "/foo":
  		fooHandlerFunc(ctx)
  	case "/bar":
  		barHandlerFunc(ctx)
  	case "/baz":
  		bazHandler.HandlerFunc(ctx)
  	default:
  		ctx.Error("not found", fasthttp.StatusNotFound)
  	}
  }

  fasthttp.ListenAndServe(":80", m)
  ```

* net/http -> fasthttp conversion table:

  * All the pseudocode below assumes w, r and ctx have these types:
  ```go
	var (
		w http.ResponseWriter
		r *http.Request
		ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx
	)
  ```
  * r.Body -> [ctx.PostBody()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.PostBody)
  * r.URL.Path -> [ctx.Path()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Path)
  * r.URL -> [ctx.URI()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.URI)
  * r.Method -> [ctx.Method()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Method)
  * r.Header -> [ctx.Request.Header](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHeader)
  * r.Header.Get() -> [ctx.Request.Header.Peek()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHeader.Peek)
  * r.Host -> [ctx.Host()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Host)
  * r.Form -> [ctx.QueryArgs()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.QueryArgs) +
  [ctx.PostArgs()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.PostArgs)
  * r.PostForm -> [ctx.PostArgs()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.PostArgs)
  * r.FormValue() -> [ctx.FormValue()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.FormValue)
  * r.FormFile() -> [ctx.FormFile()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.FormFile)
  * r.MultipartForm -> [ctx.MultipartForm()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.MultipartForm)
  * r.RemoteAddr -> [ctx.RemoteAddr()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.RemoteAddr)
  * r.RequestURI -> [ctx.RequestURI()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.RequestURI)
  * r.TLS -> [ctx.IsTLS()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.IsTLS)
  * r.Cookie() -> [ctx.Request.Header.Cookie()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHeader.Cookie)
  * r.Referer() -> [ctx.Referer()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Referer)
  * r.UserAgent() -> [ctx.UserAgent()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.UserAgent)
  * w.Header() -> [ctx.Response.Header](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#ResponseHeader)
  * w.Header().Set() -> [ctx.Response.Header.Set()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#ResponseHeader.Set)
  * w.Header().Set("Content-Type") -> [ctx.SetContentType()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.SetContentType)
  * w.Header().Set("Set-Cookie") -> [ctx.Response.Header.SetCookie()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#ResponseHeader.SetCookie)
  * w.Write() -> [ctx.Write()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Write),
  [ctx.SetBody()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.SetBody),
  [ctx.SetBodyStream()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.SetBodyStream),
  [ctx.SetBodyStreamWriter()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.SetBodyStreamWriter)
  * w.WriteHeader() -> [ctx.SetStatusCode()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.SetStatusCode)
  * w.(http.Hijacker).Hijack() -> [ctx.Hijack()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Hijack)
  * http.Error() -> [ctx.Error()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Error)
  * http.FileServer() -> [fasthttp.FSHandler()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#FSHandler),
  [fasthttp.FS](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#FS)
  * http.ServeFile() -> [fasthttp.ServeFile()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#ServeFile)
  * http.Redirect() -> [ctx.Redirect()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Redirect)
  * http.NotFound() -> [ctx.NotFound()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.NotFound)
  * http.StripPrefix() -> [fasthttp.PathRewriteFunc](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#PathRewriteFunc)

* *VERY IMPORTANT!* Fasthttp disallows holding references
to [RequestCtx](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx) or to its'
members after returning from [RequestHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler).
Otherwise [data races](http://blog.golang.org/race-detector) are inevitable.
Carefully inspect all the net/http request handlers converted to fasthttp whether
they retain references to RequestCtx or to its' members after returning.
RequestCtx provides the following _band aids_ for this case:

  * Wrap RequestHandler into [TimeoutHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#TimeoutHandler).
  * Call [TimeoutError](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.TimeoutError)
  before returning from RequestHandler if there are references to RequestCtx or to its' members.
  See [the example](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#example-RequestCtx-TimeoutError)
  for more details.

Use this brilliant tool - [race detector](http://blog.golang.org/race-detector) -
for detecting and eliminating data races in your program. If you detected
data race related to fasthttp in your program, then there is high probability
you forgot calling [TimeoutError](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.TimeoutError)
before returning from [RequestHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler).

* Blind switching from net/http to fasthttp won't give you performance boost.
While fasthttp is optimized for speed, its' performance may be easily saturated
by slow [RequestHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler).
So [profile](http://blog.golang.org/profiling-go-programs) and optimize your
code after switching to fasthttp. For instance, use [quicktemplate](https://github.com/valyala/quicktemplate)
instead of [html/template](https://golang.org/pkg/html/template/).

* See also [fasthttputil](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp/fasthttputil),
[fasthttpadaptor](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp/fasthttpadaptor) and
[expvarhandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp/expvarhandler).


# Performance optimization tips for multi-core systems

* Use [reuseport](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp/reuseport) listener.
* Run a separate server instance per CPU core with GOMAXPROCS=1.
* Pin each server instance to a separate CPU core using [taskset](http://linux.die.net/man/1/taskset).
* Ensure the interrupts of multiqueue network card are evenly distributed between CPU cores.
  See [this article](https://blog.cloudflare.com/how-to-achieve-low-latency/) for details.
* Use Go 1.6 as it provides some considerable performance improvements.


# Fasthttp best practices

* Do not allocate objects and `[]byte` buffers - just reuse them as much
  as possible. Fasthttp API design encourages this.
* [sync.Pool](https://golang.org/pkg/sync/#Pool) is your best friend.
* [Profile your program](http://blog.golang.org/profiling-go-programs)
  in production.
  `go tool pprof --alloc_objects your-program mem.pprof` usually gives better
  insights for optimization opportunities than `go tool pprof your-program cpu.pprof`.
* Write [tests and benchmarks](https://golang.org/pkg/testing/) for hot paths.
* Avoid conversion between `[]byte` and `string`, since this may result in memory
  allocation+copy. Fasthttp API provides functions for both `[]byte` and `string` -
  use these functions instead of converting manually between `[]byte` and `string`.
  There are some exceptions - see [this wiki page](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/CompilerOptimizations#string-and-byte)
  for more details.
* Verify your tests and production code under
  [race detector](https://golang.org/doc/articles/race_detector.html) on a regular basis.
* Prefer [quicktemplate](https://github.com/valyala/quicktemplate) instead of
  [html/template](https://golang.org/pkg/html/template/) in your webserver.


# Tricks with `[]byte` buffers

The following tricks are used by fasthttp. Use them in your code too.

* Standard Go functions accept nil buffers
```go
var (
	// both buffers are uninitialized
	dst []byte
	src []byte
)
dst = append(dst, src...)  // is legal if dst is nil and/or src is nil
copy(dst, src)  // is legal if dst is nil and/or src is nil
(string(src) == "")  // is true if src is nil
(len(src) == 0)  // is true if src is nil
src = src[:0]  // works like a charm with nil src

// this for loop doesn't panic if src is nil
for i, ch := range src {
	doSomething(i, ch)
}
```

So throw away nil checks for `[]byte` buffers from you code. For example,
```go
srcLen := 0
if src != nil {
	srcLen = len(src)
}
```

becomes

```go
srcLen := len(src)
```

* String may be appended to `[]byte` buffer with `append`
```go
dst = append(dst, "foobar"...)
```

* `[]byte` buffer may be extended to its' capacity.
```go
buf := make([]byte, 100)
a := buf[:10]  // len(a) == 10, cap(a) == 100.
b := a[:100]  // is valid, since cap(a) == 100.
```

* All fasthttp functions accept nil `[]byte` buffer
```go
statusCode, body, err := fasthttp.Get(nil, "http://google.com/")
uintBuf := fasthttp.AppendUint(nil, 1234)
```

# Related projects

  * [fasthttp-contrib](https://github.com/fasthttp-contrib) - various useful
    helpers for projects based on fasthttp.
  * [iris](https://github.com/kataras/iris) - web application framework built
    on top of fasthttp. Features speed and functionality.
  * [fasthttp-routing](https://github.com/qiangxue/fasthttp-routing) - fast and
    powerful routing package for fasthttp servers.
  * [fasthttprouter](https://github.com/buaazp/fasthttprouter) - a high
    performance fasthttp request router that scales well.
  * [lu](https://github.com/vincentLiuxiang/lu) - a high performance
    go middleware web framework which is based on fasthttp.
  * [websocket](https://github.com/leavengood/websocket) - Gorilla-based
    websocket implementation for fasthttp.


# FAQ

* *Why creating yet another http package instead of optimizing net/http?*

  Because net/http API limits many optimization opportunities.
  For example:
  * net/http Request object lifetime isn't limited by request handler execution
    time. So the server must create a new request object per each request instead
    of reusing existing objects like fasthttp does.
  * net/http headers are stored in a `map[string][]string`. So the server
    must parse all the headers, convert them from `[]byte` to `string` and put
    them into the map before calling user-provided request handler.
    This all requires unnecessary memory allocations avoided by fasthttp.
  * net/http client API requires creating a new response object per each request.

* *Why fasthttp API is incompatible with net/http?*

  Because net/http API limits many optimization opportunities. See the answer
  above for more details. Also certain net/http API parts are suboptimal
  for use:
  * Compare [net/http connection hijacking](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#Hijacker)
    to [fasthttp connection hijacking](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Hijack).
  * Compare [net/http Request.Body reading](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#Request)
    to [fasthttp request body reading](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.PostBody).

* *Why fasthttp doesn't support HTTP/2.0 and WebSockets?*

  There are [plans](TODO) for adding HTTP/2.0 and WebSockets support
  in the future.
  In the mean time, third parties may use [RequestCtx.Hijack](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Hijack)
  for implementing these goodies. See [the first third-party websocket implementation on the top of fasthttp](https://github.com/leavengood/websocket).

* *Are there known net/http advantages comparing to fasthttp?*

  Yes:
  * net/http supports [HTTP/2.0 starting from go1.6](https://http2.golang.org/).
  * net/http API is stable, while fasthttp API constantly evolves.
  * net/http handles more HTTP corner cases.
  * net/http should contain less bugs, since it is used and tested by much
    wider audience.
  * net/http works on Go older than 1.5.

* *Why fasthttp API prefers returning `[]byte` instead of `string`?*

  Because `[]byte` to `string` conversion isn't free - it requires memory
  allocation and copy. Feel free wrapping returned `[]byte` result into
  `string()` if you prefer working with strings instead of byte slices.
  But be aware that this has non-zero overhead.

* *Which GO versions are supported by fasthttp?*

  Go1.5+. Older versions won't be supported, since their standard package
  [miss useful functions](https://github.com/valyala/fasthttp/issues/5).

* *Please provide real benchmark data and sever information*

  See [this issue](https://github.com/valyala/fasthttp/issues/4).

* *Are there plans to add request routing to fasthttp?*

  There are no plans to add request routing into fasthttp.
  Use third-party routers and web frameworks with fasthttp support:

    * [Iris](https://github.com/kataras/iris)
    * [fasthttp-routing](https://github.com/qiangxue/fasthttp-routing)
    * [fasthttprouter](https://github.com/buaazp/fasthttprouter)
    * [gramework](https://github.com/gramework/gramework)
    * [lu](https://github.com/vincentLiuxiang/lu)

  See also [this issue](https://github.com/valyala/fasthttp/issues/9) for more info.

* *I detected data race in fasthttp!*

  Cool! [File a bug](https://github.com/valyala/fasthttp/issues/new). But before
  doing this check the following in your code:

  * Make sure there are no references to [RequestCtx](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx)
  or to its' members after returning from [RequestHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler).
  * Make sure you call [TimeoutError](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.TimeoutError)
  before returning from [RequestHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler)
  if there are references to [RequestCtx](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx)
  or to its' members, which may be accessed by other goroutines.

* *I didn't find an answer for my question here*

  Try exploring [these questions](https://github.com/valyala/fasthttp/issues?q=label%3Aquestion).
